ABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the anatomical characteristics of arch of aorta and orientations of its major branches. Materials and methods: 60 male cadavers were dissected for arch of aorta and its branches namely brachiocephalic truck, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. Height of arch of aorta was measured from upper surface of body of sternum. Distances of site of origin of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery were measured from the mid-vertebral line. Angles formed between arch of aorta and its major branches were measured. Inner diameter of the arch of aorta was measured at its commencement and termination. Inner diameters of the three major branches were also measured at their respective origins. The data so obtained was statistically analysed for range, mean and standard deviation. Results:Mean height of summit of arch of aorta fromsternal angle was 39.98 ± 10.05mm (range 23 to 66mm). Origin of brachiocephalic trunk deviated by an average of 1.6 ± 7.53 mm on right side, left common carotid artery origin deviated by an average of 10.28 ± 8.69 mm on left side and left subclavian artery origin deviated by an average of 20.65 ± 9.65mm on left side frommid-vertebral line. Average angles formed by brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery with the arch of aorta were 94.79 ± 17.77 degree, 82.44 ± 14.95 degree and 99.71 ± 13.68 degree respectively. Average inner diameter of arch of aorta at its commencement was 20.02 ± 3.26 mm and at termination was 15.88 ± 2.53 mm. Average inner diameters of brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery were 9.43 ± 2.17 mm, 6.4 ± 1.22 mm and 7.62 ± 1.76 mm respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of morphometry of arch of aorta and its major branches shall be helpful for surgeons for performing safe and effective endovascular surgeries.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The aim of this study is to document the morphological and topographical anatomy of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in relation to the infraorbital rim (IOR) and piriform opening of the nose which is necessary in clinical situations that requires regional nerve blocks. Methods: A total of 100 Indian dry adult human skulls of unknown age and gender were studied. In each skull the IOF’s location was measured with IOR and piriform opening of the nose as reference points. The transverse and vertical diameters of the foramen were also measured. The orientation of accompanying groove and any accessory foramen was noted. Results: Majority of infra-orbital foramina were directed inferomedially on both the right (53.53 percent) and left (53.12 percent) sides. The overall combined distance between the IOR and IOF was 2 to 12 (6.7 ± 1.67) mm, the combined distance between piriformaperture and IOF was 11 to 23 (17.4 ± 2.43)mm. The overall combined vertical diameter was 2 to 7 (4.3 ± 0.95) mm. The overall combined transverse diameter was 1 to 5 (3.6 ± 0.84) mm. Eleven (5.64 percent) accessory infraorbital foramina were found. Conclusion: Knowledge of the anatomical characteristics of IOF locations, diameters, directions and its accessory foramina may have important implications in blocking the infraorbital nerve for surgical and local anaesthetic planning.